阅读理解：Participation in classrooms is not only accepted but also expected from the students in many courses. Some professors base part of the final grade on the students’ oral participation. Alt...
Participation in classrooms is not only accepted but also expected from the students in many courses. Some professors base part of the final grade on the students’ oral participation. Although there are formal lectures during which the student has a passive role (i.e. listening and taking notes), many courses are organized around classroom discussions, student questions, and informal lectures. In graduate seminars the professor has a “managerial” role and the students make presentations and lead discussions. The students do the actual teaching in these seminars.
A professor’s teaching style is another factor that determines the degree and type of student participation. Some professors prefer to control discussion while others prefer to guide the class without dominating it. Many professors encourage students to question and challenge their ideas; students who make assertions that contradict the professor’s point of view should be prepared to supply evidence to their positions.
In the teaching of sciences and mathematics, the dominant mode of instruction is generally traditional, with teachers presenting formal lectures and students taking notes. However, new educational trends have emerged in the humanities and social sciences in the past two decades. Students in education, sociology, and psychology classes, for example, are often required to solve problems in groups, design projects, make presentations, and examine case studies. Since some college or university courses are “applied” rather than theoretical, they stress “doing” and involvement.
问题：
1.Participation in the classroom is not only accepted but also expected from the students in many courses except in ______.
A.seminar courses
B.the humanities and social sciences
C.informal lecture courses
D.science and mathematics
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【精析】D 根据第三段第一句“In the teaching of sciences and mathematics…with teachers presenting formal lectures and students taking notes.”可知，自然科学学科和数学学科的教学，通常是老师讲课，学生做笔记的传统模式，其他三项均需要学生的课堂参与。故选D。
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【精析】B 根据第三段第二句“However, new educational trends have emerged in the humanities and social sciences in the past two decades.”和最后一句“Since some college or university courses are ‘applied’ rather than theoretical…”可知，人文社科类的课程教学出现了新的变化趋势，一些大学开设的课程更注重应用实践而非理论。故选B。
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4. The reason why some professors ask students to make presentations and lead discussions is that _______ .
A.these professors are not willing to teach theory
B.these professors are often not well prepared before class
C.these professors want to stress “doing”
D.these professors want to test the students’ abilities
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【精析】C 根据第三段最后两句“Students…are often required to solve problems in groups, design projects, make presentations…Since some college or university courses…stress ‘doing’ and involvement.”可知，一些教授之所以要求学生作陈述和主持讨论是因为他们更看重实践，即更强调“做”和参与。故选C。
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